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Item Metadata only Environmental determinants of destination competitiveness and its Tourism Attractions-Basics Context, A-B-C, indicators: a review, conceptual model and propositions(Universidad ESAN. ESAN Ediciones, 2020-12-01) Manrai, Lalita A.; Manrai, Ajay K.; Friedeborn, StefaniePurpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature and develop a model of the determinants, indicators and effects of destination competitiveness (DC), as well as several propositions. Design/methodology/approach: This study thoroughly reviewed extant literature to develop a conceptual model and propositions. Findings: Two key findings are listed below. First, 12 different environmental factors are identified and 12 propositions are developed linking these environmental factors to DC. Second, a new indicator of DC is developed, namely, Tourism Attractions-Basics-Context (TABC) model. The TABC model is simple and directly taps into the benefits tourists seek in a destination. Research limitations/implications – Directions for future research are discussed in detail in the paper. Practical implications – Managerial implications are discussed in detail in the paper. Originality/value: The extant research on the topic of DC has been rather fragmented and incomplete in scope. The research presented in this paper addresses these limitations.Item Metadata only Sales training: a state of the art and contemporary review(Universidad ESAN. ESAN Ediciones, 2015-06-01) Singh, Vijay Lakshmi; Manrai, Ajay K.; Manrai, Lalita A.Organizations of today face numerous challenges, and training their sales force is definitely high on its agenda. This paper endeavors to contribute to the sales training field by providing a comprehensive state-of-the art and contemporary review through the study of publications in sales training research in the last 30 years (1985-2014). The specific objectives of the review are to study the chronological trends and structural distribution of sales training research in terms of the research type, research focus, methods, research themes and other issues such as methodology, analytical techniques, geographical region etc. Findings of 56 articles on sales training research published in the last three decades are analyzed and directions for future research are identified.Item Metadata only Effective use of marketing technology in Eastern Europe: Web analytics, social media, customer analytics, digital campaigns and mobile applications(Universidad ESAN. ESAN Ediciones, 2015-12-01) Jayaram, Dureen; Manrai, Ajay K.; Manrai, Lalita A.The transition economies of Eastern Europe present both the opportunities and challenges for companies operating in these markets. On one hand, these countries have a large number of technology savvy young consumers, and on the other, the markets must also take into consideration the macro-environment of a country and market conditions which make the use of certain market technologies more feasible and attractive compared to others. It is certainly true in terms of the timing for introduction of various technologies in a country. Drawing analogy for the “IDITAROD RACE” we develop three different “Sled Dog Team layouts” for market characteristics and technologies for three Eastern European countries, namely, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Albania. The ten market characteristics included in our research are: digital connectivity divide, economic power, demand type, privacy laws, demographics, and competitive conditions, attitude towards technology, institutional maturity, corporate social responsibility, and corruption. The ten marketing technologies included in our research are: digital profiling, segmentation, websites, and search engines marketing, campaign management, content management, social media, mobile application, digital collaborations, and analytics. Company case studies are analyzed and reported for each of these three countries which support the three models presented in our research.Item Metadata only The financial services industry and society: the role of incentives/punishments, moral hazard, and conflicts of interests in the 2008 financial crisis(Universidad ESAN. ESAN Ediciones, 2017-12-01) Murray, Noel; Manrai, Ajay K.; Manrai, Lalita AjayPurpose – This paper aims to present an analysis of the role of financial incentives, moral hazard and conflicts of interests leading up to the 2008 financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach – The study’s analysis has identified common structural flaws throughout the securitization food chain. These structural flaws include inappropriate incentives, the absence of punishment, moral hazard and conflicts of interest. This research sees the full impact of these structural flaws when considering their co-occurrence throughout the financial system. The authors address systemic defects in the securitization food chain and examine the inter-relationships among homeowners, mortgage originators, investment banks and investors. The authors also address the role of exogenous factors, including the SEC, AIG, the credit rating agencies, Congress, business academia and the business media. Findings – The study argues that the lack of criminal prosecutions of key financial executives has been a key factor in creating moral hazard. Eight years after the Great Recession ended in the USA, the financial services industry continues to suffer from a crisis of trust with society. Practical implications – An overwhelming majority of Americans, 89 per cent, believe that the federal government does a poor job of regulating the financial services industry (Puzzanghera, 2014). A study argues that the current corporate lobbying framework undermines societal expectations of political equality and consent (Alzola, 2013). The authors believe the Singapore model may be a useful starting point to restructure regulatory agencies so that they are more responsive to societal concerns and less responsive to special interests. Finally, the widespread perception is that the financial services sector, in particular, is ethically challenged (Ferguson, 2012); perhaps there would be some benefit from the implementation of ethical climate monitoring in firms that have been subject to deferred prosecution agreements for serious ethical violations (Arnaud, 2010). Originality/value – The authors believe the paper makes a truly original contribution. They provide new insights via their analysis of the role of financial incentives, moral hazard and conflicts of interests leading up to the 2008 financial crisis.Item Metadata only Role of tourist destination development in building its brand image: A conceptual model(Universidad ESAN. ESAN Ediciones, 2016-06-01) Manhas, Parikshat S.; Manrai, Lalita A.; Manrai, Ajay K.Tourism is truly an international/global industry. Tourism is vital to the economy of a country and sustainable tourism development requires an understanding of the complex interrelationships and interactions among a multitude of environmental factors and interdisciplinary forces that play a critical role in tourism development. While overall the field of tourism has been abundantly researched there are certain areas where there is a paucity of research namely competition analysis branding and positioning. Our research contributes to this extremely important but relatively less researched subject. Specifically we study the relationship between destination development and its brand image. We develop a conceptual model which identifies various constructs processes and linkages involved in the relationship between destination development and its brand image. We propose that the brand image has three components corresponding to the three stages of consumption/travel namely pre-travel during travel and post-travel. In developing this model we draw upon the interdisciplinary nature of tourism and discuss a variety of influences such as economic social cultural political and psychological factors.